12th Amendment Fixing the Electoral College

The 12th Amendment to the  United States Constitution  refined the manner in which the  President  and  Vice President  of the United States are elected by the  Electoral College. Intended to address unforeseen political problems resulting from the presidential elections of 1796 and 1800, the 12th Amendment replaced the procedure originally provided for in Article II, Section 1. The amendment was passed by Congress on December 9, 1803, and ratified by the states on June 15, 1804. Key Takeaways: 12th Amendment The 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution modified the way in which the president and vice president are elected under the Electoral College system.The amendment requires that the electors of the Electoral College cast separate votes for president and vice president, rather than two votes for president.It was approved by Congress on December 9, 1803, and ratified by the states, becoming a part of the Constitution on June 15, 1804. Provisions of the 12th Amendment Before the 12th Amendment, the electors of the Electoral College did not cast separate votes for president and vice president. Instead, all of the presidential candidates ran together as a group, with the candidate who got the most electoral votes elected president and the runner-up becoming vice president. There was no such thing as a political party’s president-vice president â€Å"ticket† as there is today. As the influence of politics in government grew, the problems of this system became clear. The 12th Amendment requires that each elector cast one vote specifically for president and one vote specifically for vice president, rather than two votes for president. In addition, the electors may not vote for both candidates of a presidential ticket, thus ensuring that candidates of different political parties would never be elected president and vice president. The amendment also prevents persons who are ineligible to serve as president from serving as vice president. The amendment did not change the way in which  electoral vote ties  or lack of majority are handled: the  House of Representatives  chooses the president, while the  Senate  chooses the vice president. The need for the 12th Amendment is better understood when placed in historical perspective. Historical Setting of the 12th Amendment As the delegates to the  Constitutional Convention of 1787  convened, the  American Revolution’s  spirit of unanimity and shared purpose still filled the air—and influenced the debate. In creating the Electoral College system, the Framers specifically sought to eliminate the potentially divisive influence of partisan politics from the electoral process. As a result, the pre-12th Amendment Electoral College system reflected the Framer’s desire to ensure that the president and vice president would be selected from among a group of the nation’s â€Å"best men† without the influence of political parties. Exactly as the Framers intended, the U.S. Constitution never has and probably never will even mention politics or political parties. Before the 12th Amendment, the Electoral College system worked as follows: Each elector of the Electoral College was allowed to vote for any two candidates, at least one of whom was not a resident of the elector’s home state.When voting, the electors did not designate which of the two candidates they had voted for was to be vice president. Instead, they just voted for the two candidates they believed to be the most qualified to serve as president.The candidate getting more than 50 percent of the votes became president. The candidate getting the second most votes became vice president.If no candidate got more than 50 percent of the votes, the president was to be selected by the House of Representatives, with the delegation of each state getting one vote. While this gave equal power to both the large and small states, it also made it more likely that the candidate ultimately selected to be president would not be the candidate who had won the majority of the popular vote.In the event of a tie among the candidates who got the second-most votes, the  Se nate  selected the vice president, with each Senator getting one vote. Although complicated and broken, this system worked as intended during the nation’s first presidential election in 1788, when  George Washington—who detested the idea of political parties—was unanimously elected to the first of his two terms as president, with  John Adams  serving as the first vice president. In the elections of 1788 and 1792, Washington received 100 percent of both the popular and electoral vote. But, as the end of Washington’s final term drew near in 1796, politics was already creeping back into American hearts and minds. Politics Exposes Electoral College Problems During his second term as Washington’s vice president, John Adams had associated himself with the  Federalist Party, the nation’s first political party. When he was elected president in 1796, Adams did so as a Federalist. However, Adams’ bitter ideological adversary,  Thomas Jefferson—an avowed  Anti-Federalist  and member of the  Democratic-Republican Party, having gotten the second-most electoral votes, was elected vice president under the Electoral College system. As the turn of the century approached, America’s budding love affair with political parties would soon expose the weaknesses of the original Electoral College system. The Election of 1800 One of the most important events in American history, the election of 1800 marked the first time an incumbent president—one of the Founding Fathers at that—actually lost an election. That president, John Adams, a Federalist, was opposed in his bid for a second term by his Democratic-Republican vice president Thomas Jefferson. Also for the first time, both Adams and Jefferson ran with â€Å"running mates† from their respective parties. Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney from South Carolina ran with Adams, while Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr of New York ran with Jefferson. When the votes were counted, the people had clearly preferred Jefferson for president, handing him a 61.4 to 38.6 percent victory in the popular vote. However, when the electors of the Electoral College met to cast their all-important votes, things got very complicated. The Federalist Party electors realized that casting their two votes for Adams and Pinckney would cause a tie, and if they both got a majority, the election would go to the House. With this in mind, they cast 65 votes for Adams and 64 votes for Pinckney. Apparently not so aware of this flaw in the system, the Democratic-Republican electors all dutifully cast both of their votes for Jefferson and Burr, creating a 73-73 majority tie forcing the House to decide whether Jefferson or Burr would be elected president. In the House, each state delegation would cast one vote, with a candidate needing the votes of a majority of delegations to be elected president. On the first 35 ballots, neither Jefferson nor Burr were able to win a majority, with Federalist Congressmen voting for Burr and all Democratic-Republican Congressmen voting for Jefferson. As this â€Å"contingent election† process in the House drug on, the people, thinking they had elected Jefferson, became increasingly unhappy with the Electoral College system. Finally, after some heavy lobbying by  Alexander Hamilton, enough Federalists changed their votes to elect Jefferson president on the 36th ballot. On March 4, 1801, Jefferson was inaugurated as president. While the election of 1801 set the cherished precedent for the  peaceful transfer of power, it also exposed critical problems with the Electoral College system that almost everyone agreed had to be fixed before the next presidential election in 1804. Ratification of the 12th Amendment In March 1801, just weeks after the election of 1800 had been resolved, the state legislature of New York proposed two constitutional amendments similar to what would become the 12th Amendment. While the amendments eventually failed in the New York legislature, U.S. Senator DeWitt Clinton of New York began discussions on a proposed amendment in the U.S. Congress. On December 9, 1803, the 8th Congress approved the 12th Amendment and three days later submitted it to the states for ratification. Since there were seventeen states in the Union at the time, thirteen were needed for ratification. By September 25, 1804, fourteen states had ratified it and James Madison declared that the 12th Amendment had become a part of the Constitution. The states of Delaware, Connecticut, and Massachusetts rejected the amendment, although Massachusetts would eventually ratify it 157 years later, in 1961. The presidential election of 1804 and all elections since have been conducted according to the provisions of the 12th Amendment. Sources â€Å"12th Amendment Text.†Ã‚  Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law SchoolLeip, Dave.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Electoral College – Origin and History.†Ã‚  Atlas of U.S. Presidential ElectionsLevinson, Sanford.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Amendment XII: Election of President and Vice President.†Ã‚  National Constitution Center

How Has The Constitution Shaped The Economic System

How has the Constitution shaped the economic system in the United States? The Unites States Constitution was created in 1787, and is the supreme law of this nation. It is the backbone on which laws to follow and how we live today. There are six characteristics of a market economy. Which as follows; Private property, Freedom of enterprise and choice, Motive of self-interest, competition, markets and prices and limited role of government. One of the first economic concepts is â€Å"Freedom of Enterprise and Choice†. Which is stating that Americans can choose how they want to use their own resources to create products and sell their products. It also states that workers are free to have a job they are qualified for, as well as buyers having the right the purchase any product of their choice. Today, this right is still protected under the US Constitution excluding any laws that deter businesses from doing any harm to the public with the use of their products. Another economic concept is â€Å"Private Property†. Private Property is the right of private persons and firms to own property, land and resources. This allows businesses to own land and build what they want to build in order to successfully thrive in their work. Most of the country is privately owned by businesses, not the government. The government does have some power though, for example, a company may have to follow certain laws from OSHA, and can be shut down for disobeying laws. What this concept simply says is that anyoneShow MoreRelatedAsfasf754 Words   |  4 Pages a. Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues. b. Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society. c. Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society. d. 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Having delegated to the president a specific type of authority, the framers would probably be surprised to see that they had actually created a rather dynamic officer. The presidency is continually changing over time. That is, the power of the president has been both increased and decreased a various stages in history. OpportunitesRead MoreContributors to our Successful Government Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesOur government has been shaped and molded from an unsuccessful government to a highly sufficient government. There are many contributors to our government. Many of the top contributors include; The Articles of Confederation, Thomas Paines Common Sense, Early State Constitutions, The Annapolis convention, And Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of independence ( the Preamble). 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The Lost History Of Christianity By Philip Jenkins

In the novel title â€Å"The Lost History of Christianity†, author Philip Jenkins attempts to convey the message that there are many aspects of Christianity that are unknown to Christian followers today. Jenkins start by implying that Christianity essentially starts in Northern Mesopotamia. Jenkins then traces the history of Christianity from Africa to the Arab world to the heart of Asia, in what he consider to be the â€Å"golden age† of Christianity. He informs the readers of the stories of churches and movements that thrived over a millennium and then largely died out, though there are remnants of these churches here and there, spread across different parts of the world. Jenkins is a firm believer that Westerners are blinded by the impression the Christianity began in Europe and Northern America, and believe that in some ways they are superior among other religions. Jenkins suggest, â€Å"When they think about Christian history, most modern Westerners follow the bo ok of Acts in concentrating on the church s expansion west, through Greece and the Mediterranean world, and on to Rome. But while some early Christians were indeed moving west, many other believers-probably in greater numbers-journeyed east along the land routes, through what we today call Iraq and Iran, where they built great and enduring churches. Because of its location-close to Roman frontier, but just far enough beyond it to avoid heavy-handed interference-Mesopotamia or Iraq retained a powerful terms of the number andShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M

The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay

Identity is defined as the qualities or beliefs that make a particular person different from another. Often in African American literature the protagonist have a moment where they recognize their blackness as apart of their identity and often experience pain due to society s estimation of their inferiority due to their blackness. The â€Å"Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass† is about how Frederick Douglass overcomes the struggles of slavery. The experience of slavery is a continuous fight for identity and respect. Douglass, as well as Sophie Auld struggle with identity. In the first paragraph of Douglass’s Narrative, he introduces the audience with his situation: I was born in Tuckahoe, Near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Tablot County, Maryland. I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen my authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their age as horses know theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant†¦A want of information concerning my own was a source of unhappiness†¦The white children could tell their ages. (Douglass 395) The tone of the paragraph is negative. By Douglass’s words you are able to get a sense of how he suffers. The fact that he does not know his own age is outlandish, comparing himself and other African Americans to white people. Whites know their age where as African Americans do not and have to use seasons andShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederic k Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciation for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1527 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered â€Å"property† of their slaveholders and had no control over their own life. They were victims of psychological and physical brutal treatment. This story represents confinement, slavery and the lack of power African people had in such a racist society back in those days. African talents were absolutely wasted and they were considered inferior to white individuals. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† sim ply addresses that white society was causing negative effects to itself andRead MoreNarrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experiences of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christi an texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show the The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass details the oppression Fredrick Douglass went through before his escape to freedom. In his narratives, Douglass offers the readers with fast hand information of the pain, brutality, and humiliation of the slaves. He points out the cruelty of this institution on both the perpetrator, and the victims. As a slave, Fredrick Douglass witnessed the brutalization of the blacks whose only crime was to be born of the wrong color. He narrates of the pain, suffering the slaves went through, and how he fought for his freedom through attaining education. Douglass’s escape from slavery and eventual freedom are inseparable from his movingly narrated attainment of literacy. Douglass saw slavery as a†¦show more content†¦Literacy was Douglasss first step on the road to his freedom, and that of his fellow African slaves. In addition, Douglas knew less about the slavery unfairness, until after finding the book The Columbian Orator, which was explaining the cases against slavery. He was angered by what he learnt about this book, and what the masters have done to the slaves. The book made him think that slavery was his fate, and there was no escape from it. He notes that, the slavery institution made them forget about their origin, and anything else that entails their past, and even when they were born. The slaves forgot everything about their families, and none knew about their family because, they were torn from them without any warning. Douglass explains how they went without food, clothing and even sleep because their masters were cruel to them. American slavery took advantage of black laborers as they were beaten mercilessly without committing any offense. They were not treated as human beings, but as property that could be manipulated in any way. The slavery institution was harsh for the Africans especially women who were regularly raped, and forced to bear their masters children and if they declined, they were maimed or killed. Douglass’s narrative is a courageous work, as it confronts the slavery institution, and the misuse of Christianity by the slave ownersShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 W ords   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederic k Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciation for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experiences of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass, he is consider one of the greatest influential civil rights activists. His full name is Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, he was born into slavery on a Maryland Eastern Shore plantation. Frederick Douglass aspect in life was to become educated, to read and write, that was the only path to freedom, for himself and fellow slaves. He wanted to truly understand the larger picture of slavery. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass gives us an eye-opening of the horror of slavery. Douglass is driven by the need to express and portray his life as a slave, he educates himself and was able to read and write and he came to realize the dehumanization that was depicted towards slavery. He was determined to escape the horror of slavery. He failed the first time, but the second time was a success. Frederick Douglass became a great abolitionist, compelling America s view of slavery through his writing and actions. The Narrative of the Life of Fre derick Douglass includes events from his life as a slave and many other stories of others slave. Frederick Douglass, he was born into slavery his mother was a colored woman and it was belief that his dad was a white man and his master but Douglass wasn t too sure of these rumors. He was separated from his mother at birth that usually happens within slaves children and families they are separated from each other and never have the chance to see them ever again. Eve thoughShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential me ans of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

The National Address On The United States Of America

Firearms have created a complex issue in the United States of America. In a country where guns are a staple and have become a pinnacle to social cultures, this isn’t surprising. Recently, there has been an ever increasing cause of concern for safety in regards to the citizens of The United States of America. In the national address on the Umpqua Community College Shooting in Roseburg, Oregon, (a shooting where ten people died, including the perpetrator) President, Barack Obama, convincingly persuades the audience to advocate for better gun legislation in light of the obsessive gun culture in America today. Obama was able to achieve this by connecting with his audience on a emotional level, using a earnest tone, and presenting his speech with common sense language. Obama opens his statement by revealing the nation has experienced a mass shooting once again. The mood of his national address was set automatically by his earnest tone. Furthermore, Obama expressed his condolences to the families and the community affected by these senseless killings, as well as ridiculing the routine nature of and response to mass shootings in America. He emphasizes that Americans are slowly becoming desensitized to shooting sprees, and eventually move on without taking action, or preventive measures so incidents like the Roseburg shooting can’t happen time and time again. To illustrate, the growing concern, Obama goes on to say, â€Å"But as I said just a few months ago, and I said a few monthsShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington Farewell Address Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington, a very famous man known as the first President of the United States of America, was born on the 22nd of February, 1732 in the colony of Bridges Creek, Virginia. (Geo rge Presidential Early Life sec.1 para.3) He was born into a wealthy, land-owning family and was a very political individual. Washington served as a Major in the Virginia militia and also fought in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. In addition, Washington became a representative of the Virginia legislatureRead MoreIb Hl History Ia1632 Words   |  7 PagesCold War’s conclusion? A. Plan of Investigation This investigation focuses on the impact that President Ronald Reagan had on ending the Cold War between the United States of America and the Soviet Union during the 1980’s. The use of historian argumentation, primary sources, such as Ronald Reagan’s Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security, and analytical essays by well known professors, such as John Gaddis’s excerpt from Major Problems in American History Since 1945 – titled â€Å"Ronald Reagan’sRead MoreEssay about The Gettysburg Address and American Revival1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gettysburg Address is without a doubt one of the most famous speeches in American history. 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Conceptual Literature free essay sample

What Is self-reflection? Wisped says: Human self-reflection is the capacity of humans to exercise introspection and the willingness to learn more about their monumental nature, purpose and essence. What do you wish you had known when you were younger? What have you learned from the mistakes of your past, from the choices of your life, and from the roads not taken and dreams yet to fulfill? We do not wake up one day and decide to reflect on the yesterdays of our youth. We instead go with lifes flow until something along the way prompts us to stop and think. In that moment, we realize that before we can plan for more of the future, it would be wise to learn a little from the past. Self-reflection does not make an appointment to show up.It seeps in from the invisible corners of our mind, spills over from the edges of our heart and finds a way to capture our attention. Self-reflection starts slow but builds up fast. A song, a voice, a smell, a picture, or a mere thought can all trigger the memories buried long ago and bring them to surface faster than any diver can swim up for air. LESSONS Does self-reflection not realize how busy we are these days? This is not the Stone Age moonshine-?we now only dream of those activities as exotic vacations! We are very busy people now. The Internet is here. Did self-reflection not get the memo?We now have things to do, stuff to read, people to keep up with and places to explore-? even if only on our computer screens. In short, we are far too busy to stop and think, much less to stop and reflect! How can we make time to reflect on our entire past? And why, pray tell, should we go through the exercise at all? These are very fortunate days and times we are living in. Our advancements in society and technology make so much accessible to so many. Being caught up in it all is our way of participating in the New Age. It is exciting, adventurous and filled with opportunities.Being busy is our espouse to the 21st centurys lifestyle demands. Being busy, however, does not slow down the hand of time; in fact, it seems to oddly speed it up. The more we rush, the faster time flies. The more we pursue, the quicker our days fill up and the sooner our hours come to an end. And yet as we grow older and richer in experience, our deepest desires gravitate toward finding meaning, purpose, and fulfillment in life. Self-reflection can be the beginning of this. It can be a way to lock into the beat of our own hearts in this fast-paced world.Self-reflection can ground us long enough to clarify our Journey ahead. Self-reflection can provide a safe haven to re-examine the past. Even if we have abandoned it to the depths of our consciousness, with careful introspection and reflection, we can slowly walk to the edge and muster enough courage to call out to our past. We can still define the means to come to terms with our past and learn from it. When we stop to reflect on our lives, we naturally slow down as we process the memories, the experiences, the various circumstances and the people who walked in and-? sometimes-?out of our life.We reflect on the little person we were and on the innocence of our youth. We remember our first dabs into society and we cannot help but feel compassion and love for our younger self. We were new to the world then. We were at the beginning of lifes Journey. We were full of dreams and visions of the future. How have we measured up? Can we slow down long enough to take in the years and to reconnect with that younger self? Returning us to the same persistent spot and repeating the same incident over and over. Memories-?dormant or active, repressed or treasured, old or recent-?all contribute to who we are in the present moment.Memories are an undeniable part of us; they have shaped us onto who we are today. Self-reflection does not meet with all of us in the same manner. We each have our own relationship with the past and reflecting on that past stirs quite naturally unique emotions for each of us. But with the right approach to self-reflection, we can even redefine and reshape the way we see our past, our childhood, and even ourselves. Can we learn from our memories through introspection? Can we rebuild our relationship with our memories through self-reflection?We begin to see our past decisions as the best ones at the time. We did our best with all that was available to us then. We learn to set aside blame and anger, disappointments and regrets, because we have wasted enough adult years with them. Can we emerge as a better person from self-reflection of our past? Instead, we learn to let go of the heavy burdens of regret and what-ifs. We choose to grow instead and evolve into our very best self. We accept whatever happened and choose to see the better reasons in the way things unfolded as they did. In this eBook, we explore Life Lessons learned through self-reflection and introspection. With participation from 108 floggers, we have amassed gems of Life Lessons from across he globe crossing over many cultures, nationalities, continents and age groups. Self-reflection can stir different reactions from each of us. It can tease, torment and thwart our forward momentum. It can distract and dilute our peace of mind with unnecessary reminders of days long abandoned for reasons deeply buried away. Or it can annoy us by entering replay mode at times, II The answer lies within you.We only aim to open your eyes to the possibilities. ABOUT US Imagine a garden of wisdom with each fragrant flower in it acting as a nugget of knowledge and illumination. Take a walk in the garden. Either o down the main path from A to Z or Just scroll around and see what calls your name. Life has a way of bringing to you what you need to hear and act upon. Follow your intuition and you will hear exactly what you were meant to hear. NOTE: Clicking an authors name will take you directly to his post on his blob. SELF IMPROVEMENT BLOB www. Babushka]mail. Mom A Note to the Authors Babushka Jamie is a 39 years old, Pakistani flogger and the founder of the Self Improvement Blob-?Bicameralism. Com. His blob is about Rebooting Your Mind, clearing away the mental and emotional clutter and living effectively. In order to make this eBook more useful and relevant to the readers in general, we have taken the liberty, now and then, to edit your words accordingly. Credits All photography in this eBook including the cover photo is by Prolific Living, taken from travels around the world. If you are interested in learning more about the photos, contact Forenoons. PROLIFIC LIVING www. Proliferating. Com Forenoons Brock is the creator and writer at Prolific Living, a blob about cultivating an original and soul-enriching life with smart habits for rich living. She talks about empowering your ideas into actions and she crushes the everyday fears and excuses by opening your mind to space and possibilities. We, Babushka and Forenoons, were incredibly moved by the stories we were initially We wondered that if a handful of floggers and writers can tell such powerful stories, what can we gather with bringing the energy and wisdom of 100 floggers together.We were ecstatic to meet not Just 100 but the number 108, which is considered an extremely special number in many spiritual beliefs and philosophies around the world. So we give to you the best of the amazing lessons of these 108 floggers. We remain truly grateful to them for their participation. Their lessons come from the heart and we believe that reading them shall transform you, Just like they have transformed us. BABUSHKA JAMIE VITA CLOCHE If you are unable to make a living while doing what you love, dont stop doing what you love.Today I know that true love has no strings attached-?no expectations-?no conditions. Whether it is between parent and child, lovers or friends, true love can exist. Change your friends if they do not share your values. It wont kill you or your reputation. Find your own God. Dont believe in what they tell you about God. Find Him within you. FORENOONS BROCK STEVEN ATCHISON I wish Id known that not being well-off didnt mean I didnt have a rich life. I wish Id known that failure was an option. Argument when I can hardly remember what on earth I was arguing about two days later.Only heartache remains after a silly quarrel or even an intense one. This is the bitterest lesson of all in the intimate relationships of our life! There is no way to know what wouldve been or couldve been. Regrets are pointless. What is done is done. Whatever happened happened. There is only a path ahead, a life to live, lessons to learn and an evolution of he mind and heart which eventually leads us to exactly where we need to be and precisely whom we are meant to become. I wish Id known that change is inevitable, and rather than fighting it, I should have befriended it.DRAGON ROAR JONATHAN WELLS Knowledge becomes wisdom only through application. Avoidance is not a solution. Withdrawal is not a solution. Whenever life puts a violent crisis in front of you, live it. Be there and do your thing. Not only will you emerge stronger and wiser than before, most of the time, youll realize the crisis was much easier than you expected. TIM BROWNS DID THEBE lid up a pattern of negative thoughts. Every time you tell yourself youre not good enough, rich enough, intelligent enough, attractive enough, you cement that belief. So dont do it! Happiness is an internal emotion. Instead of looking for happiness outside of ourselves, we should look inside. BRETT HAGER Reading makes you smarter it helps with your memory, it helps with your writing, and it helps with your speaking skills all things that are incredibly important. Youll be exposed to more ideas, and increase the size of your vocabulary. It keeps your brain in great shape. LANCE SEEM Life here on this earth is a wonderful and amazing gift. I do not take that for granted today this beautiful gift called life. My hope for each of you is that you take a moment to reflect on you, and on the amazing gift it is to be here and traveling through this Journey of your life. 2 COMA HYDE People remember you for what you gave, how you helped and what you shared. We have the power of choice over our thoughts. Choose good thoughts. Always. JOY As I reflect back upon my childhood and every later stage, I know that each and every experience was Divinely placed to stitch together my personal tapestry. I would not change anything. Keep your space clean, allow for fresh to expand within that space, revel in that space.When the time is right, that beautiful, fresh, clean space will be full of all that is good. HEADER AL-MOMMAS But Im too ignorant isnt an excuse. You need to develop your own thinking apparatus to understand life for yourself. You cant borrow other peoples brains or their conclusions. Your well-being is your own responsibility. Its silly to put other peoples interests and concerns before your own so that you can be considered moral (because it would also mean hat youre going to demand that others put your concerns before their own, otherwise they be selfish good-furnishings). JAY CHEERS My whole life, I have been taught to bust through the wall. Smash it to smithereens. Obliterate the obstacle. This is the way of the warrior, and it is highly respected in most cultures. Its the way of the Samurai, the medieval knight, and the gunslinger. I have always admired these kinds of people and wanted to emulate them. So, I became a warrior, a fighter. However, about six months ago, my perspective changed. I learned that you dont have to break down the walls. You dont have to smash the obstacles.I learned that if you Just sit quietly with yourself, and look at the wall from many different angles and different perspectives, you will find a path around the wall. TIA SINGS Everything will be fine in the end. If its that when life sucked, it wasnt going to suck forever and all one has to do is wait out the wave. Your parents were doing the best they could. Forgive them and quietly listen to your heart to tell you what to do with your life. Throw tantrums in private. Express yourself fully but dont take it out on people you love. INHABITANT GOSHI wish I could have done a little more to bring comfort to my father in his deathbed when he died of cancer. I never told him how he was like a Banyan tree for me. He was my savior against all odds. I shouldve expressed my love for him. SIBYL Be happy walking until you can run and then it is time to try to fly. It is unnecessary to prove to other people that you are right. If you look at things from the right 3 perspective, they will always point to at least one truth. Have the wisdom to know for yourself. Dont let anyone tell you otherwise. ADRIAN Sublet ERIC WATERMELON I wish I knew that some of my rut other people really badly.Now that I know that, I also understand that other people can hurt me without any actual intention to do so, and without even knowing that they are hurting me. So now I can forgive them. Everything works out. This lesson was an ongoing one. With my worry-free philosophy, I gradually noticed that everything always works out. S. ALA MYERS Dont be possessed by possessions. Your health is directly reflective of your diet and lifestyle. Your well-being is a mirror of the condition of your mind, body and soul. How you live, what you think and what you eat affects your elastic being.Stay off the main roads. RICK HAMMOCK When we are faced with something unexpected, our natural response is to ask for a brief timeout as we consider I wish I knew that there is no other reason to enter any relationship but love, the consequences of that event. And love cannot be forced upon anyone. You always have a choice. Dont do anything because you must. Do things that you want to do. When you are a child, you may not know whats best for you. So you follow the advice of adults. But when you grow up, you will 4 The world is as big or small as you make

Fee Sample Review on Engineering Geology & Soil Mechanis

Questions: Scenario You have recently joined a medium sized general construction company who have acquired a brown field site which they intend to use for housing development. A site survey has revealed a number of areas where it is possible for problems to arise from the intended development. The director has asked you to provide some information on engineering geology and soil mechanics to help them deciding what course of action to pursue Task 1: 1. Understand the common rock types, their mode of formation and uses within construction 1.1Classification of common rocks: engineering description of rocks to current codes of practice Question 1.1 (i) Examine the three main classes of rock and give a general description of their use in construction. (ii) Using current codes of practice describe slate oolitic limestone and granite 1.2 Mode of formation: petrographic classification of igneous rocks; common stable and unstable minerals; diverse nature of sedimentary rocks; grades of metamorphism Question 1.2 i) Briefly describe the mode of formation of the three main types of rock . ii) What is meant by an unstable mineral when used in describing rocks iii) The use in construction of extrusive igneous rocks 1.3 Rock and un-cemented sediments for construction use: common usage of geological materials for construction; characteristics of the main rock and soil deposits which make them suitable/unsuitable for construction use; differences between rock mass and rock material in construction; type and nature of rock discontinuities; characteristics of discontinuities which influence the engineering performance of rock materials Question 1.3 i) Using published methods of classifying aggregates, suggest suitable aggregates for foundation work, and for use in a road surface. ii) Briefly outline the factors that have to be taken into consideration when looking at rock mass rather than individual stones. iii) Describe one system of classification of rock mass which is widely used Task 2: 2. Be able to classify soil types from the determination of their basic soil properties 2.1 Soil description and classification: differences between description and classification; classification tests to current codes of practice; liquidity and consistency indices for fine grained soils Question 2.1 i) The following table gives the sieve results from a soil. Complete the table and draw a graph showing the cumulative distribution of particle size suggest how this soil would be described and explain briefly how you have come to your conclusion. Sieve size in 10-6m Mass retained g Mass passed g % Passing Log10 sieve size (particle size) 6.300 0 172.6 2000 6.4 166.2 1.180 3.3 162.9 600 9.0 153.9 425 28.1 300 31.1 212 34.0 150 22.5 63 25.5 Pass through all to tray. 12.7 ii) Briefly outline what is meant by the following: Made ground Organic soil Coarse soil Fine soil Dilatancy Explain the difference in clay and silt Bedding planes 2.2 Fundamental soil properties: particulate nature of soils; three-phase and two-phase states, calculations for soil density, moisture content, void ratio and degree of saturation; characteristics of fine grained soil responsible for development of apparent cohesion Question 2.2 i) A cone penetration test is carried out on a sample of clay and gives the following results: Penetration of cone mm 12.0 16.3 18.7 19.7 20.3 Moisture content % 31.0 33.6 35.0 35.7 40.0 Draw a graph of the results and estimate the liquid limit of this clay. ii) Another sample of the clay used in b) above is tested to find the plastic limit. The following results were obtained from five different estimates: 15.6%, 14.1%, 17.1%, 18.0%, 16.1%. Estimate the plastic limit and the plasticity index of the clay 2.3 Principles of effective stress: influence on the strength and deformation of soil, drained and undrained behaviour; influence of seepage on effective stress Question 2.3 i) Outline the difference between a drained and un-drained compressive strength test stating the difference between the shear strength values obtained. ii) A set of drained triaxial tests were carried out on sample of soil from a site. The results for the test are given in the table below: Test Number '3 (kPa) '1 (kPa) 1 150 450 2 300 780 3 450 1090 Each sample was 76mm long and had a diameter of 38mm and had vertical deformation of 5.1mm Draw the Mohr circles, determine the strength envelope of the soil with respect to effective stress. Determine the Coulomb equation for the shear strength of the soil in terms of total stresses. 2.4 Calculations and graphs: total stress, pore water pressure and effective stress for soil sequence under hydrostatic conditions Question 2.4 i) A 4m thick layer of saturated soil with high clay content lies underneath a 1m covering of sand. An additional layer of sand 2m thick is laid on top. The density of the sand is 1,900kgm-3 What is the effective stress on the clay immediately after the new sand layer has been put down, the effective stress after many years. Briefly outline what has caused this change. ii) A 4m layer of sand of saturated unit weight 18kNm-3 lies on top of a 5m thick layer of clay saturated density 20kNm-3 The ground water level occurs at 2m below the surface of the sand. Determine the total and effective stresses acting at the base of the clay layer. Task 3: 3: Be able to establish the primary design parameters for soils 3.1Geotechnical design parameters: common methods for the determination of shear strength, compressibility and permeability to current codes of practice; potential limitations associated with the methods Question 3.1 i) Outline the shear box method of determining the shear strength of soil ii) Outline the triaxial shear strength test iii) Compare the results of these two kinds of strength tests and the use of each test in practice. 3.2 Ground investigation and in-situ sampling: current techniques for the acquisition of soil samples for laboratory testing; impact of sample quality on measured parameters; common methods of in-situ testing Question 3.2 i) Compare the use of laboratory testing with in-situ testing when trying to get information about the soil conditions on a construction site. ii) Examine the problems associated with obtaining undisturbed soil samples iii) What tests can be carried out on a disturbed soil sample? 3.3 Laboratory measurements: e.g. density, moisture content, void ratio, degree of saturation, permeability, porosity, shear strength, liquid limit, chemical nature Question 3.3 i) Briefly describe how the organic content of the sample would be measured ii) Outline how you would estimate plastic index of a sample of soil with a high clay content. iii) A sample of soil was tested on a falling head permeability tester and the head fell from 350mm to 250mm in 12 minutes. Assume that the diameter of the pressure tube is 8mm, how long would it take for the head to fall a further 50mm? Task 4: 4: Be able to analyse the results from common soil tests 4.1 Laboratory data: shear box tests; volumetric response to shear; unconsolidated undrained and consolidated undrained with pore pressure measurement triaxial tests; triaxial shear strength parameters by Mohrs Stress Circles and stress path meth Question 4.1 i) An un-drained shear box test was carried out on a series of soil samples with the following results: Test Number Total Normal Stress kPa Total Shear Stress at Failure kPa 1 125 118 2 250 198 3 375 282 4 500 458 Determine using graphical methods the cohesion and angle of friction of this sample. ii) Cell Pressure kPa Deviator Stress at Failure kPa Pore water pressure at failure kPa 200 116 110 400 240 220 600 352 320 Plot the strength envelope of the soil a) with respect to total stress and b) with respect to effective stress. 4.2 Permeability tests: constant head and falling head permeameters; process results from field pumping tests (in terms of coefficient of permeability and radius of the cone of depression) Question 4.2 i) Time in minutes Height of water in stand pipe mm Permeability 0 1000 30 800 50 698 96 500 Calculate the mean permeability. The diameter of the standpipe 3mm Diameter and length of the sample 100mm each. ii) Explain how an in situ measure of soil permeability many meters below the normal soil level on the site may be obtained 4.3 One-dimensional consolidation test: oedometer tests for coefficient of volume compressibility Question 4.3 i) Outline the method of test using the odometer to measure the consolidation of soil. ii) A specimen of fully saturated clay has been consolidated under a vertical pressure of 50kPa and is at equilibrium. The pressure is now doubled. Determine the pore water pressure and the effective stress after the pressure increase. Answer: Task 1 i. Igneous Rocks Molten Rocks are framed by the freezing and crystallization of a silicate melt (ruled by oxygen and silicon, with a mixture of different substances or metals). The event as well as circulation of molten rocks and volcanic rocks sorts can be identified with the process of plate tectonics. The liquid rock material from which volcanic rocks structure is called magma. Magma is liquid silicate material and may incorporate officially shaped precious stones and broke up gasses. The name magma applies to silicate dissolves inside the Earth's outside, when magmas achieve the surface they are alluded to as magma. The key constituents of magma are O, Si, Al, Ca, Na, K, Fe and Mg. The properties of a magma (consistency, liquefying point) are to a great extent controlled by the SiO2 (thickness) and the H2O substance (dissolving point). SiO2 is the most plentiful part and ranges in plenitude from 35% in mafic rocks to 75% in felsic rocks. Two Dissolved gasses, CO2 and H2O, are imperative despite t he fact that they are not the richest parts. The different sorts of molten rocks can be recognized by mineral arrangement, synthetic structure (connected to minerals), and composition. Surface portrays the way the minerals in the rock look like and identify with one another (substantial versus little; perfect precious stone shapes or spasmodic grains; and so forth.), and is in extensive parts impacted by the cooling history of the magma. The purported Extrusive Rocks are those that make it to the surface of the Earth in a liquid express, have a tendency to cool rapidly, and have subsequently ordinarily have little gems (quick cooling does not permit expansive precious stones to develop). The ensuing surfaces are called aphanites (fine grained), polished and porphyritic (if a few gems framed before expulsion). In this manner these surfaces are normal for volcanic rocks.. The gathered Intrusive Rocks are those that don't make it to the surface and chill off slowly inside the outside. Therefore we see basically phaneritic pieces with minerals of coarse to center grain size. If these rocks structure at particularly shallow profundities they may be called hypabyssal or subvolcanic rocks, and we may similarly see porphyritic surfaces (e.g. dykes and ledges). Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary Rocks are a result of the surface techniques of the earth (weathering, disintegration, downpour, stream, wind, wave activity, sea flow). The beginning materials for sedimentary rocks are the rocks outcropping on the landmasses. Techniques of physical and synthetic weathering separate these source materials into the accompanying parts: Little parts of the source (rock, sand, or sediment measure) that may be identifiable rock sections or individual minerals New minerals delivered by weathering courses of action (principally muds) Disintegrated allotments of the source rock (broke up salts in stream and sea water) From aggregations of these materials (fragmental material, muds, and broke up salts) all residue on the earths surface structure. Dregs may structure by: Negligible mechanical collection (wind, water, for example, rock and sand stores in a stream or sand hills in a desert Concoction precipitation, for example, salt and calcite precipitation in shallow oceans and lakes Action of life forms, for example, carbonate gathering in coral reefs (natural precipitation), or aggregation of natural matter in bogs (coal forerunner) Sandstones (molecule measure between 2 mm and 0.0625 mm) contain around 30% of all sedimentary rocks. Since in numerous molten and changeable source shakes the grain size of segment minerals is bigger than or equivalent to that of sandstones, it is substantially more hard to focus the source rock of a sandstone (as contrasted with a combination). The richest mineral in sandstone is generally quartz, on the grounds that it is the hardest one of the rock shaping minerals and hence the most impervious to scraped area amid transport. The second most plentiful mineral is feldspar (potassium feldspar), took after by micas. These minerals are additionally the synthetically most steady (under states of the Earth's surface) among the rock shaping minerals (Brooks and Brooks, 1941). Dolostones comprise of the carbonate mineral dolomite [camg(co3)2], and happen in pretty much the same settings as limestones. Despite the fact that dolomite can accelerate hypothetically from seawater, it just once in a while does, and presumably a large portion of the dolostones in the sedimentary record are because of post-depositional substitution of calcite by dolomite (Mg for Ca trade by Mg-rich pore waters). Evaporites are genuine compound silt. They comprise basically of salt (table salt [nacl] and different others) and/or gypsum (Caso4). They normally structure from vanishing of seawater. They oblige high vanishing rates (high temperatures) for their arrangement, and generally the sedimentation bowl must be incompletely or completely shut off (overall supersaturation not arrived at in view of flood of new water). They normally show parched (dry) atmosphere at their site of affidavit. Carbonaceous Sedimentary Rocks are those that contain boundless common matter in diverse structures. Regardless of the way that they make simply a little division of sedimentary rocks, they are key essentialness resources. Coal, for example is a carbonaceous shakes that involves the changed (as a result of extended weight and temperature) stays of trees and other plant material. It has used subsequent to the latest century for essentialness creation and manufactured industry. Oil shales are dim mudstones that contain bounteous regular matter that has been balanced into solid (kerogen) or amazingly thick hydrocarbons (bitumen) that can be removed from the rock through warming. Tar sands are sandstones whose pore spaces are stacked with significant crude petroleum and bitumen. The hydrocarbons are by and large evacuated with steam (Chamberlin and Salisbury, 1904). At current oil costs (2004-2005) oil shale and tar sands are pulling in interest in light of the way that a couple of occas ions are landing at the point where misuse becomes monetarily sensible. It is likely that these more capricious essentialness sources become more basic as oil supplies diminish over the nearing decades (Davson and Danielli, 1970). Metamorphic Rocks Transformative rocks are those whose special structure, sythesis and mineralogy have been changed by conditions of high weight and temperature (higher than conditions of improvement of starting material). The materials from which alterable rocks structure are volcanic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and at one time existing transformative rocks. Mineralogical and textural changes in the midst of transformative nature happen fundamentally in the strong state. Alterable rocks structure when the precursor materials (volcanic, residue, etc.) are secured significantly and are accordingly brought into an environment of high weight and temperature. They are as needs be most by and large experienced in the middle zones of mountain cinchs (hoisted root zone), in old terrain shields, and as the storm subterrain room shake underneath the buildup veneer of stable territory stages (Dixon, 1982). Variably shakes and related volcanic interferences (from rock secured so significant that it broke up) make up around 85% of the territory outside. Variably shakes may contain relic structures, for instance, stratification, sheets, and even such idiosyncrasies as sedimentary structures or volcanic arrangements. Minerals: The minerals that structure in the midst of transformative nature are in parts the same as those that we know from volcanic rocks (we have to remember that the early divides structure deeper in the earth under conditions of high weight and temperature themselves). Thus quartz, biotite, muscovite, pyroxene, amphiboles and feldspars all structure in the midst of variably approaches. Slates are the finest grained combination of foliated rocks and are made by useless transformative nature of shales and mudstones. The most trademark trick is the claimed slaty cleavage (from as of late confined micas). Slaty cleavage ordinarily is masterminded at a high indicate the first dozing material of the shales (Flanagan, 2001). In the picture on the left the bedclothes of the first shake dips at around 40 degrees to the benefit (sandy layers in tan), and the slaty cleavage dips at around 80 degrees to the benefit. Slates tend to part differentiated at this cleavage, and go into decay in platy parts (used as a piece of past times as a creation surface that could without a doubt be wiped off a clean Slate). The change of slaty cleavage depends on upon the measure of soil and detrital micas open in a rock (starting material for variably mica advancement). Schists are medium to coarse grained foliated rocks, in which the parallel balanced micas and the foliation are quickly unmistakable to the eye. They are conveyed by mid-extent grade transformative nature, and contain despite micas other unmistakable minerals, for instance, quartz, feldspar, garnet and amphibole (BASIS FOR SUBDIVISION). They don't simply structure from shales, also from other watchman shakes, for instance, basalt, rock, sandstones and tuffs. They are by volume the most ample alterable rock sort. Gneisses are extraordinarily coarse grained transformative shakes that structure in the midst of high audit variability. They are especially united (segregation of as of late organized minerals into gatherings), and their principal minerals are quartz, potassium feldspar, and biotite or hornblende (ferromagnesian minerals). It is of practically identical association than stone, and if gneiss is warmed just a little bit further, a granitic melt will move from it (Foster, 1966). The picture at the left exhibits a garnet-biotite gneiss (garnet are the rosy detects, the dim mineral is the biotite) with quartz-feldspar groundmass (white-light dark). Hornfels (a rock [from German "Fels"] that is as hard as a horn), is an interchange nonfoliated, fine grained alterable rock. Regularly it is dull shaded, fine grained and hard. It happens consistently in transformative aureolas around interferences (contact variability). (ii) Slates are shaped from fine-grained dregs, for example, mudstone and shale. At the point when these are packed and warmed somewhat, minor new chips of mica develop, and have a tendency to line themselves up at right points to the heading of pressure. In spite of the fact that the individual mica gems can't be seen, the rock breaks along a specific bearing, or cleavage plane. Here you can see the cleavage, and you can likewise see that it is not parallel to the first sheets stamped by dull and light groups (Fullagar and West, 2011). Oolitic limestone is made up generally of sand-sized, adjusted pellets of calcium carbonate. In this closer see we can see that a percentage of the pellets have become by including layers of calcium carbonate onto a little sedimentary grain of quartz. Isle of Skye, Scotland. Rocks are coarse-grained meddlesome molten rocks made of two various types of feldspar (potassium- and sodium-rich), together with quartz and a little extent of dim minerals. Taking a gander at rock between crossed polarisers makes it less demanding to recognize the individual precious stones (Gallant, 2001). The rock is comprised of interlocking rectangular feldspars and sporadic clear quartz, all in shades of dim light black through to white. Sedimentary rocks are shaped through the progressive aggregation of silt: for instance, sand on a shoreline or mud on a stream bunk. As the residue is covered it is compacted as more material is kept on top. In the end the dregs will get to be dense to the point that it is basically shaken. This procedure is known as lithification (Geikie, 1906). 1.2 i) Igneous rocks or volcanic rocks will be shakes which have solidified from a melt or magma. The melt is comprised of different parts of prior rocks which have been subjected to dissolving either at subduction zones or inside the Earth's mantle. The melt is hot thus passes upward through cooler nation rock. As it moves it cools and different rock sorts will structure through a methodology known as fragmentary crystallization. Molten rocks can be seen at mid sea edges, regions of island circular segment volcanism or in intra-plate hotspots. Metamorphic Rocks or transformative rocks will be shakes which once existed as molten or sedimentary shakes however have been subjected to shifting degrees of weight and high temperature inside the Earth's outside (Lyell and Rudwick, 1990). The procedures included will change the synthesis and fabric of the rock and their unique nature is regularly difficult to recognize. Changeable rocks are ordinarily found in ranges of mountain building. ii) A zone found close to the world's surface that structures as an aftereffect of substance disintegration of unsteady minerals under the activity of surface waters and groundwater, and additionally the oxygen and carbon dioxide display circulating everywhere and disintegrated in these waters. The change is created mostly by the methodology of oxidative change. Metal sulfide metals and stores of sulfur, salts, and coal experience the most vivacious change. The metal sulfides are supplanted by oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfates of the same metals. Collections of alunite and gypsum structure where sulfur is available. Gypsum likewise collects in stores of rock salt. The deterioration of coal creases builds the substance of dampness, fiery remains, and oxygen in the coal, with a synchronous reduction in the measure of carbon and hydrogen (Pellant and Pellant, 2009). The blankets of oxidation items that structure under such circumstances at mineral stores are called mineral to ps. Purported gossan, which is saved basically by lowland iron mineral, is recognized on account of sulfide metal stores; for salt and sulfur stores, the "gypsum top" is recognized. The oxidation zone stretches out down to the level of the groundwater and is generally a couple of meters to a couple of dozen meters thick, yet some of the time at specific parts it is dependent upon a couple of hundred meters thick (measuring from the world's surface). In the oxidation process piece of the mineral material of a store may be broken down by the groundwater, permeate descending, and be redeposit underneath the groundwater level, structuring a zone of auxiliary mineral enhancement. An auxiliary advancement zone is unconventionally normal for some copper, uranium, gold, and silver stores. iii) Extrusive igneous or molten rocks, volcanic, structure when magma goes' to Earth's surface. The liquid rock ejects or streams over the surface as magma, and after that cools structuring rock. The magma originates from the upper mantle layer, between 50 km and 150 km underneath the World's surface. At the point when magma emits onto the World's surface, it cools rapidly. On the off chance that the magma cools in under a day or two, there is no time for components to structure minerals. Rather, components are solidified set up inside volcanic glass. Regularly, magma cools over a couple of days to weeks and minerals have enough time to structure however not time to develop into vast precious stones. Basalt is the most widely recognized kind of extrusive igneous or molten rock and the most well-known rock sort at the World's surface. Total qualities or Aggregate characteristics have a huge impact on the conduct of new and solidified solid. In spite of the fact that these impacts of total attributes change consistently as a capacity of molecule size, the accompanying order will be made as per normal practice: material held in the N4 strainer will be considered coarse total, material passing No. 4 strainer and held in the No. 200 strainer (75 m) will be viewed as fine total, and material passing No. 200 strainer will be called hereinafter micro fines. Construction aggregate, or essentially "total", is a general classification of coarse particulate material utilized as a part of construction, including sand, rock, smashed stone, slag, reused solid and geo-synthetic totals. Totals are the most mined materials on the planet. Totals are a part of composite materials, for example, solid and black-top solid; the total serves as fortification to add quality to the general composite material (Reeves, 1973). Because of the generally high water driven conductivity esteem as contrasted with most soils, totals are broadly utilized as a part of waste applications, for example, establishment and French channels, septic channel fields, holding divider channels, and street side edge channels. Totals are additionally utilized as base material under establishments, streets, and railroads. At the end of the day, totals are utilized as a stable establishment or street/rail base with unsurprising, uniform properties (e.g. to help avert differential se ttling under the street or building), or as a minimal effort extender that ties with more costly bond or black-top to structure cement. Favored bituminous aggregate sizes for road advancement are given in EN 13043 as d/D (where the range shows the tiniest and greatest square work granulating that the particles can pass). The same gathering measuring is used for greater defensive layer stone sizes in EN 13383, EN 12620 for bond downright, EN 13242 for base layers of road advancement and EN 13450 for course balance (Rhodes, 1972). Dependable appraisals of the quality and disfigurement attributes of rock masses are needed for very nearly any type of examination utilized for the configuration of slants, establishments and underground unearthing. 1.3 i) Rock mass characterization plans have been creating in excess of 100 years since Ritter (1879) endeavored to formalize an observational methodology to shaft outline, specifically for deciding help prerequisites. While the order plans are suitable for their unique application, particularly if utilized inside the limits of the case histories from which they were produced, significant alert must be practiced in applying rock mass characterizations to other rock designing issues. Laubscher created the Mining Rock Mass Rating (Mrmr) framework by adjusting the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) arrangement of Bieniawski. In the MRMR framework the solidness and backing are dead set with the accompanying mathematical statements: RMR = IRS + RQD + dividing + condition in which: RMR = Laubschers Rock Mass Rating IRS = Intact Rock Strength RQD = Rock Quality Designation Dividing = representation for the scattering of discontinuities Condition = condition of discontinuities (parameter similarly subject to groundwater region, weight, or measure of groundwater inflow in the underground evacuation) MRMR = RMR * conformity variables in which: Conformity variables = components to make up for: the technique for unearthing, introduction of discontinuities and exhuming, impelled anxieties and in the days to come weathering. The parameters to figure the RMR quality are similar to those used as a piece of the RMR game plan of Bieniawski. This may be dumbfounding, as a part of the parameters in the MRMR structure are adjusted, for instance, the condition parameter that consolidates groundwater region and weight in the MRMR system while groundwater is an alternate parameter in the RMR game plan of Bieniawski. The amount of classes for the parameters and the purpose of enthusiasm of the depiction of the parameters are in like manner more broad than in the RMR course of action of Bieniawski. The change components depend on upon future (powerlessness to) weathering, uneasiness environment, presentation, ii) The mix of estimations of RMR and MRMR chooses the gathered help potential. A rock mass with a high RMR before the change components are associated has a high help potential, and can be reinforced by, for example, rock jars, whatever the MRMR worth may be in the wake of uncovering. Contrariwise, shake shocks are not a suitable backing for a rock mass with a low RMR (i.e. has a low stronghold potential). Laubscher uses a graph for the isolating parameter. The parameter is liable to a most amazing of three eccentricity sets that center the size and the kind of the rock pieces. The condition parameter is directed by the brokenness set with the most opposing effect on the constancy. iii) The thought of alteration variables for the rock mass after a while later evacuation is uncommonly appealing (Richardson, 2002). This considers reward of adjacent mixtures, which may be present at the territory of the rock mass viewed, however may not be show at the range of the proposed uncovering or the other path around. Likewise, this thinks seriously about assessment of the effect of uncovering and revealing induced bothers, unearthing procedures, and the effect of past and future weathering of the rock mass. Task 2 2 (i). Sieve size in 10-6m Mass retained in gram (g) Mass passed in gram (g) % Passing Log10 sieve size (particle size) 6.3 0 172.6 20 20 2000 6.4 166.2 16 0.425 1.18 3.3 162.9 12 2 600 9 153.9 13 3 425 28.1 176.5 5 4.5 300 31.1 165.2 9 80 212 34 183.4 10 266 150 22.5 156.8 11 336 63 25.5 159.3 22 400 Pass through all to tray. 12.7 155.3 20 2 According to the above data set of soil we can easily measure or calculate the cumulative distribution of soli particles by the help of graphical representation, which is shown in below (Comyn, 1985). Soils having molecule bigger than 0.075mm size are termed as coarse grained soils. In these soils more than half of the aggregate material by mass is bigger 75 micron (Schoffeniels, 1967). Coarse grained soil may have stone, cobble, rock and sand. The accompanying molecule characterization names are given relying upon the span of the molecule: Stone: atom size is more than 300mm. Cobble: atom measure in range 80mm to 300mm. Grave: particle assess in range 4.75mm to 80mm. Coarse Rock: 20 to 80mm. Fine Rock: 4.75mm to 20mm. Sand: particle assess in range 0.075mm to 4.75mm. Coarse sand: 2.0mm to 4.75mm Medium Sand: 0.075mm to 0.425mm. Fine Sand: 0.075mm t The rate of diverse size of soil particles coarser than 75 micron is dead set. Coarse soils are primarily ordered by strainer investigation. The grain size dissemination bend gives an thought with respect to the degree of the soil, that is, it is conceivable to recognize whether the soil is decently reviewed or inadequately evaluated. In mechanical soil adjustment, the principle rule is to blend a few chose soils in such an extent, to the point that a wanted grain size circulation is gotten for the configuration blend (Stiles, 1924). Henceforth for proportioning the chose soils, the grain size circulation of soil is to be first known. (ii). Made ground The Land or ground area, which is made by filling in a low zone with trash or other fill material. Regularly, such made area is not suitable for building without the utilization of a heap establishment, is known as made ground. Organic soil Organic or Natural soil has been regularly altered by the decay of plants and creatures and shockingly, today, the majority of the soil on the planet has been drained by agribusiness. Farmers who produce ensured natural produce should first create soil that meets with the criteria of the USDA. This obliges them to alter long ago drained soil with crucial natural mixes with the plan of restoring soil with the first abundance our planet at one time appreciated preceding the harm created by current industrialization. Coarse soil Soil composition may be appraised from fine to coarse. A fine surface demonstrates a high extent of better particles, for example, residue and earth. A coarse surface demonstrates a high extent of sand. The mean diameter of each coarse rock is in range of 20 mm to 80 mm. Fine soil Fine grained soils are distinguished on the premise of its versatility. Singular particles are not noticeable by stripped eye. Fine grained soils are likewise isolated in two gatherings, Silt and Clay or Mud. Particles having measurement in the middle of 75 micron to 2 micron are called Silt and particles having breadth littler than 2 micron is called Mud or Clay. Dilatancy The increment is in volume of a granular substance or soil when its shape is changed, due to more noteworthy separation between its part particles. The marvel whereby a thick substance or soil hardens under weight is known as dilatancy of soil. Explain the difference in clay and silt In spite of the fact that clay and silt are named fine soils, they have some contrast between them are following in below. 1. Clay or Mud particles are much lesser in size than sediment particles, despite the fact that all silts with particles estimate short of what 0.075mm are named either silt. 2. Clay contains clay minerals, while silt doesnt contain mud minerals. 3. Plasticity of clay is substantially more than that of silt. 4. Surface composition of silt is smooth and tricky to touch when wet, while mud or clay is sticky and plastic-like when wet. 5. In the greater part of the cases, dry quality of clay or mud is more prominent than that of silt. 6. Muds or Clays are vitality delicate to dry thickness, while silt is dampness touchy to dry thickness. 7. Expansion of silt is more prominent than that of clay. 8. Sturdiness of mud or clay is higher than silt. Bedding planes In geography a bed is the littlest division of a geologic development or stratigraphic rock arrangement stamped by decently characterized divisional planes (bedding planes) dividing it from layers above and underneath (Troshin, 1966). A bed is the littlest lithostratigraphic unit, generally going in thickness from a centimetre to a few meters and discernable from cots above and underneath it. Couches can be separated in different ways, including rock or mineral sort and molecule size. The term is by and large connected to sedimentary strata, however might likewise be utilized for volcanic streams or fiery remains layers. 2.2 (i). Penetration of cone mm 12 16.3 18.7 19.7 20.3 Moisture content % 31 33.6 35 35.7 40 According to the above data set the graphical representation of liquid limit of this clay is shown in below. Soils having molecule bigger than 0.075mm size are termed as coarse grained soils. In these soils more than half of the aggregate material by mass is bigger 75 micron (Schoffeniels, 1967). Coarse grained soil may have stone, cobble, rock and sand. The accompanying molecule characterization names are given relying upon the span of the molecule: Stone: atom size is more than 300mm. Cobble: atom measure in range 80mm to 300mm. Grave: particle assess in range 4.75mm to 80mm. Coarse Rock: 20 to 80mm. Fine Rock: 4.75mm to 20mm. Sand: particle assess in range 0.075mm to 4.75mm. Coarse sand: 2.0mm to 4.75mm Medium Sand: 0.075mm to 0.425mm. Fine Sand: 0.075mm t The rate of diverse size of soil particles coarser than 75 micron is dead set. Coarse soils are primarily ordered by strainer investigation. The grain size dissemination bend gives an thought with respect to the degree of the soil, that is, it is conceivable to recognize whether the soil is decently reviewed or inadequately evaluated. In mechanical soil adjustment, the principle rule is to blend a few chose soils in such an extent, to the point that a wanted grain size circulation is gotten for the configuration blend (Stiles, 1924). Henceforth for proportioning the chose soils, the grain size circulation of soil is to be first known. (ii). Made ground The Land or ground area, which is made by filling in a low zone with trash or other fill material. Regularly, such made area is not suitable for building without the utilization of a heap establishment, is known as made ground. Organic soil Organic or Natural soil has been regularly altered by the decay of plants and creatures and shockingly, today, the majority of the soil on the planet has been drained by agribusiness. Farmers who produce ensured natural produce should first create soil that meets with the criteria of the USDA. This obliges them to alter long ago drained soil with crucial natural mixes with the plan of restoring soil with the first abundance our planet at one time appreciated preceding the harm created by current industrialization. Coarse soil Soil composition may be appraised from fine to coarse. A fine surface demonstrates a high extent of better particles, for example, residue and earth. A coarse surface demonstrates a high extent of sand. The mean diameter of each coarse rock is in range of 20 mm to 80 mm. Fine soil Fine grained soils are distinguished on the premise of its versatility. Singular particles are not noticeable by stripped eye. Fine grained soils are likewise isolated in two gatherings, Silt and Clay or Mud. Particles having measurement in the middle of 75 micron to 2 micron are called Silt and particles having breadth littler than 2 micron is called Mud or Clay. Dilatancy The increment is in volume of a granular substance or soil when its shape is changed, due to more noteworthy separation between its part particles. The marvel whereby a thick substance or soil hardens under weight is known as dilatancy of soil. Explain the difference in clay and silt In spite of the fact that clay and silt are named fine soils, they have some contrast between them are following in below. 1. Clay or Mud particles are much lesser in size than sediment particles, despite the fact that all silts with particles estimate short of what 0.075mm are named either silt. 2. Clay contains clay minerals, while silt doesnt contain mud minerals. 3. Plasticity of clay is substantially more than that of silt. 4. Surface composition of silt is smooth and tricky to touch when wet, while mud or clay is sticky and plastic-like when wet. 5. In the greater part of the cases, dry quality of clay or mud is more prominent than that of silt. 6. Muds or Clays are vitality delicate to dry thickness, while silt is dampness touchy to dry thickness. 7. Expansion of silt is more prominent than that of clay. 8. Sturdiness of mud or clay is higher than silt. Bedding planes In geography a bed is the littlest division of a geologic development or stratigraphic rock arrangement stamped by decently characterized divisional planes (bedding planes) dividing it from layers above and underneath (Troshin, 1966). A bed is the littlest lithostratigraphic unit, generally going in thickness from a centimetre to a few meters and discernable from cots above and underneath it. Couches can be separated in different ways, including rock or mineral sort and molecule size. The term is by and large connected to sedimentary strata, however might likewise be utilized for volcanic streams or fiery remains layers. 2.2 (i). Penetration of cone mm 12 16.3 18.7 19.7 20.3 Moisture content % 31 33.6 35 35.7 40 According to the above data set the graphical representation of liquid limit of this clay is shown in below. Mohrcoulomb hypothesis is a numerical model (see yield surface) depicting the reaction of fragile materials, for example, solid, or rubble heaps, to shear push and ordinary stress. The vast majority of the traditional is building materials some way or another take after this principle in any event a parcel of their shear disappointment envelope. For the most part the hypothesis applies to materials for which the compressive quality far surpasses the malleable strength. In geotechnical designing it is utilized to characterize shear quality of soils and rocks at distinctive compelling stresses. 4 (i) The thickness of the soil layer is (4 + 1 + 2) m = 7 m As well as the density of the sand is 1900 kg/m^3 Therefore, weight of the sand or soil is 1.9 kg As well as effective stress T = h Where, is total effective stress is weight of soil or sand in kgh is the height of the soil column Therefore, the total effective stress = 1.9*7 = 13.3 (ii) We know that the kg/m * 0.00980665 = kN/m Therefore, 18kN/m3 = 1835.489 kg/m3 at thickness of soil column is 4m as well as 20kN/m3 = 2039.432 kg/m3 at thickness of soil column is 5m Therefore, the total effective stress T = h = (1835.489*4) + (2039.432*5) = 7341.956 + 10197.16 = 17539.116 Task 3 3.1 (i). An immediate shear test is a lab or field test used by geotechnical originators to measure the shear quality properties of soil or rock material, or of discontinuities in soil or rock masses. The test is performed on three or four illustrations from a by and large undisturbed soil sample. A case is situated in a shear box which has two stacked rings to hold the example; the contact between the two rings is at pretty about the mid-tallness of the example. A keeping uneasiness is joined vertically to the case, and the upper ring is pulled along the side until the example misses the mark, or through a pointed out strain. The store joined and the strain influenced is recorded at standard intervals to centre a stressstrain curve for coupling uneasiness. A couple of illustrations are attempted at distinctive confining bothers to centre the shear quality parameters, the dirt union (c) and the edge of inside erosion, by and large known as rubbing plot (). (ii). A triaxial shear test is a normal framework to measure the mechanical resources of various deformable solids, especially soil (e.g. sand, dirt) and rock, and other granular materials or powders. Regardless of the way that the name triaxial test prescribes that the bothers would be different in three orientations; this is not legitimate in the test as is by and large done. In this test with oil or water as keeping medium, the restricting weights are equal in all headings (i.e. the extent that boss troubles: for a weight test: 1 2 = 3 and for versatile: 1 = 2 3). Just in a certified triaxial test the bothers in each of the three direction can be various (i.e. (iii). Some praiseworthy elements that impact the quality are demonstrated. Each of these impact elements can change the quality parameter. On the off chance that a non-complete perspective is considered sensible results we can't be normal. To plan the realities there are distinctive stages, authorization, arrangement, characterization, translation and confirmation. Evaluating the shake and rock mass conduct will dependably be a test; suitable testing methods and examinations are the first venture for a more sensible assessment (Walker, 2007). Consequently, testing and the testing results ought not to be regardless of the whole venture. By excellence of the variability of unsaturated soil properties and the undeveloped condition of unsaturated soil mechanics previously, specialists managing structural designing works including unsaturated soil have been confronted with expanding issues. Jennings abridged the building issues connected with unsaturated soils into four principle bunches, to be specific: a) Immediate settlement because of the untrained compressibility. This was because of the compressibility of the pore air or the fast stream of pore air to the environment or solvency of air in the pore water. b) Heave because of swelling on wetting. Wetting can happen because of the entrance of water from the surface (from precipitation or run-off) or it can happen if the dirt is secured at the top surface, so forestalling dissipation of ground water to the environment. Numerous unsaturated soils, especially mud, are known to swell (increment in volume) on wetting. c) Additional settlement because of breakdown of the dirt on wetting. Some unsaturated soils are known to fall (decrease in volume) on wetting. d) Loss of shear quality because of suction lessening (wetting). 3.2 (i). Laboratory element testing of the soil sample or rock sample is a most important method of measuring the soil type in Geotechnical method or research program as well as in-situ soil or rock sample testing is a testing method for gaining soil. Both of the testing methods are provided the information or data about the moisture of the soil or rack sample, groundwater measurement as well as its pressure (Gallant, 2001). Both of the data set is provided the useful data as well as information about the soil or rock sample. (ii). Some basic problems are shown in below. Effectively risk management Site monitoring Developing the risk management Bulk sample Site identifying (iii). The Standard penetration test is most useful test or method for the rock or soil samples. The standard penetration test (SPT) is an in-situ test or method to provide data or information for each and every sample of the rock or soil. The standard penetration test (SPT) process or method, which is describe in ISO 22476-3, ASTM D1586 as well as in Australian Standards it is AS 1289.6.3.1. 3.3 (i) The organic content of the soil or sample soil will be measure by the help of the semi quantitative system. There are two essential systems for the semi-quantitative estimation of natural matter in soils furthermore silt. Natural matter substance can be utilized as an unpleasant assessment of the aggregate natural carbon or organic content. Semi-quantitative strategies are based upon the indiscriminate evacuation of all natural matter took after by gravimetric determination of example weight reduction. The two essential semi quantitative strategies are: (1) misfortune on-ignition and (2) hydrogen peroxide absorption. (ii) The plasticity index of soil is the numerical contrast between its fluid point of confinement and its plastic utmost, and is a dimensionless number. Both the fluid and plastic cut-off points are dampness substance (Woodhead, 1999). The plasticity index gives an evidence of, in addition to everything else, the decrease in dampness substance needed to change over soil from a fluid to a semisolid state. It gives the extent in dampness at which soil is in a plastic state. The plasticity index may be considered as a measure of the attachment controlled by soil. (iii). Original statics of the soil 350 mm Fall measure of the soil 250 mm Net fall of the soil from the primary level (350-250) = 100 mm Net time taken to complete the head fall 12 minutes Diameter of the pressure tube: 8mm Required fall in the soil 50mm Time taken to fall from 250 mm to 200 mm x Time taken to fall 100 mm 12 minutes Hence, the time taken by the pressure tube to fall 50 mm with the diameter being 8 mm is 3.42 minutes Task 4 4.1 Cell Pressure kPa Deviator Stress at Failure kPa Pore water pressure at failure kPa 200 116 110 400 240 220 600 352 320 According to the above data set the graphical representation is shown in below. Cell Pressure kPa Deviator Stress at Failure kPa Pore water pressure at failure kPa 200 116 110 400 240 220 600 352 320 According to the above data set the graphical representation is shown in below. 4.2 Time in minutes Height of water in stand pipe mm Permeability 0 1000 23.5 30 800 17.6 50 698 14.32 96 500 11.9 ii) Testing routines can be partitioned into two bunches, in-situ and research facility tests, depending on where the tests are performed. Run of the mill in-situ tests, performed without expelling specimens from their characteristic position, are geophysical tests, pie-zometer tests, extensive scale tests (e.g. in-situ shear test, bank test), tilt test, torque vane test, penetrometer or dilatometer tests. The standard research centre tests are immediate shear tests, unconfined what's more limited pressure tests, determination of water content, thickness, versatility, mineral creation, permeability tests, (molecule) grain size investigation, dainty areas, swelling tests, and so forth. The traditional mechanical parameters for incline security examination are attachment, grating, dilatancy, shear firmness (solidifying and softening), (joint) compressive quality, joint harshness geometry (unpleasantness coefficient). Since the disappointment instruments are an exceptionally perplexing procedure and affected by the limit attributes, as specified in the recent past, it is regularly important to clear out institutionalized systems (Waterbeemd, Lennernas and Artursson, 2003). 4.3 (i). The above test is used to determine the volume and the magnitude that decreases laterally and the other soil specimen that undergoes different changes when it undergoes different vertical pressures from the measured data that is stated above and can also be plotted against the curve that is plotted along with the data. These data are quite useful to determine the compression index and to understand the pre consolidation pressure that is found in the soil. The method is also obtained to determine the consolidation coefficient of the secondary soil that is compressed. (ii). The saturated clay is under consolidation with a vertical pressure of 50 kPa The state under which the pressure is exerted Equilibrium The pressure is now doubled at the equilibrium state Hence the pore water pressure is 12.5 Pa The effective stress is 0.25 K when the pressure is doubled 50/2*0.5 12.5 Pa 50/12.5 0.25 k References Avdeef, A. (2003).Absorption and drug development. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience. 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